As noted in the International Encyclopedia of Information and Library Science (Routledge, 2003), current national bibliography was originally undertaken by the book trade to facilitate commerce (as exemplified by the Cumulative Book Index in the United States) but since the early 1950s, the regular listing of new publications has been regarded as the proper function of a national agency, usually operating within the national library. Retrospective national bibliography has been accomplished in part by publication of the catalogs of the national library, based on collections established by copyright deposit. Projects such as the English Short Title Catalogue (ESTC) have extended retrospective bibliography beyond the holdings of national libraries.

For a non-English language example, see the National Bibliography of Indian Literature, 1901-1953 (NBIL), digitized by the Center for Research Libraries as part of its Digital South Asia Library project.

Example:

American National Biography in 24 volumes, edited by John A. Garraty. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.

Also refers to the branch of biography devoted to describing and analyzing the lives of important people living in or associated with a country.

Also refers to the segment of the FM broadcast band (88-92 MegaHertz) set aside by the U.S. federal government for the use of schools, colleges, civic entities, and others who devote some of their programming to education, the arts, and other nonprofit enterprises.

Search statement: children and violence and ((television or media) not cartoon*)

Also, two or more organizations engaged in the exchange of information through common communication channels, usually for the purpose of accomplishing shared objectives. When the organizations are libraries, the arrangement is a library network (example: National Network of Libraries of Medicine). Compare with consortium.

In communications media, a chain of television or radio broadcasting stations that share a significant portion of their programming, either because they are owned by the producer of the programming (the network) or because they are independent affiliates compensated by the network for broadcasting its programs. At one time, the major television networks (ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, and PBS) had a virtual monopoly of television programming in the United States, but they have lost market share to the cable networks. Click here connect to the Yahoo! list of links to television network Web sites.

For more information about the history of neumes, see the entry under the term in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (Grove, 2001). Click here to see neumes between the lines of a 12th-century Austrian gradual (Dartmouth College Library, MS 002490) and here to see them in a 13th-century German gradual (Morgan Library, MS M.711). Examples of regional variation are provided by the Schøyen Collection (Oslo and London). Click here to see the later square notation written on staves (Getty Museum, MS Ludwig VI 3). See also: Hufnagel.

Also refers to a title recently added to a library collection. Public libraries often display the dust jackets of new books on a bulletin board or kiosk, or shelve them in a special location for a few weeks, to allow patrons to browse them separately before they are integrated into the general collection. New fiction bestsellers may be ordered in multiple copies or given a shorter loan period for a few months to increase availability.

According to Warren Chappell, writing in A Short History of the Printed Word (Knopf, 1970), the first modern newspaper of regular publication was Avisa Relation oder Zeitung published by Johan Carolus of Strasbourg beginning in 1609. The British Library provides a list of online resources on newspaper history. Because they can be used to influence public opinion, newspapers are subject to censorship in some countries. In the United States, newspapers once fiercely independent are increasingly owned by mass media conglomerates. Under such conditions, editorial decisions may be subject to pressure from commercial interests.

In libraries, current issues of newspapers are normally available in print, but the back files are usually converted to microfilm or microfiche (or digitized) to conserve space. Most national and regional newspapers offer at least a portion of their content online (example: New York Times). Information on local, regional, and national newspapers can be found in the annual Gale Directory of Publications and Broadcast Media, available in the reference section of most academic and large public libraries.

In the United States, some dailies publish their own printed indexes (New York Times, Wall Street Journal, Washington Post, etc.). The editorial content of a few major dailies is also indexed in general periodical databases. National and regional newspapers are indexed in specialized newspaper databases (example: NewsBank). The National Digital Newspaper Program (NDNP) is a partnership between the Library of Congress and the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) to preserve and catalog newspapers published in the U.S. for research purposes (see Chronicling America, a searchable database of historic American newspapers). Compare with newsmagazine. See also: Acta Diurna, headline, masthead, National Digital Newspaper Program, news library, and newspaper index.

Far and few, far and few,
Are the lands where the Jumblies live.
Their heads are green, and their hands are blue
And they went to sea in a sieve.

Limericks are one of the best-known forms of nonsense verse.

Based on a new concept that classifies businesses by the processes they use to produce goods and services, NAICS is designed to reflect expansion of the service and technology sectors, provide comparable statistics across the three countries covered by the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and be compatible with the International Industrial Classification System (ISIC) developed by the United Nations. Click here connect to the NAICS homepage.

Also refers to the symbols used to write music, as in a music score, and to express mathematical concepts.

Also refers to a statement in the note area of the bibliographic record giving the contents of the work, its relationship to other works, and any physical characteristics not included elsewhere in the bibliographic description. If there is more than one note, each is given in a separate paragraph. See also: biographical note.

In Dewey Decimal Classification, an instruction, definition, or reference in the schedules explaining the scope and use of a class or its relationship to other classes. DDC includes over 20 different types of notes. See also: add note and footnote.

Historically, blankbooks or loose sheets were often used for making notes. In ancient Rome, small parchment notebooks, probably developed from wooden tablets, were extensively used in keeping accounts. In some cases, a notebook published as the work of an important historical figure is actually a collection of papers assembled after the person's death (example: the Leonardo Da Vinci Notebook in the collections of the British Library).

In computing, the term is used synonymously with laptop.

As a literary form, the novel of incident began in 1719 with the publication of Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, followed shortly by Moll Flanders. The novel of character originated in 1740 with Pamela by Samuel Richardson. Since then, the form has evolved into many styles and genres (see Bildungsroman, epistolary novel, gothic novel, graphic novel, historical fiction, Kunstlerroman, psychological novel, roman à clef, and sentimental novel). The British Library provides an online exhibition on The Victorian Novel.

Strictly speaking, a novel is a fictional prose narrative involving people and events that exist in the imagination of the novelist. This is true even of historical fiction, which is an imaginative attempt to reconstruct events known to have occurred in the past. There is no upper limit on the length of a novel, but a fictional narrative of less than 30,000 to 40,000 words is considered either a novelette or short story. Greater length gives the novelist a freer hand in the development of character, plot, and setting. Most novels are divided into chapters, usually reflecting major divisions in the narrative. Long novels may be divided into "books," each containing two or more chapters. Compare with novella. See also: archetypal novel and Booker Prize.

Also refers to a uniquely numbered and dated issue or part of a serial, series, or other work issued in installments (fascicles). See also: back issue, current issue, and number book.